eポートフォリオ(ePortfolio)

Introduction

The current study investigated the intergenerational transmission of attachment in Sapporo, Japan, using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) and the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP). This is the first SSP study in Sapporo in three decades, after a study in the mid-1980s reported controversial results. The SSP distributions found in the current study, however, were similar to those reported in the earlier Sapporo study, including its controversial finding that ambivalent attachment was predominant in insecure infants. The current study used the AAI and the SSP to study the intergenerational transmission of attachment in Japan and found a strong categorical match consistent with those reported elsewhere in the world. A proportion of infants who were judged disorganized as the first report in this Japanese sample was also found to be similar to the reported global norm. Disorganized attachment in Japanese infants was strongly predicted by the mother's unresolved state of mind as was found across normative samples. / The current study investigated the intergenerational transmission of attachment in Sapporo, Japan, using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) and the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP). This is the first SSP study in Sapporo in three decades, after a study

The universality of secure base construct, which suggests that one's use of an attachment figure as a secure base from which to explore the environment is an evolutionary outcome, is one of the core ideas of attachment theory. However, this universality idea has been critiqued because exploration is not as valued in Japanese culture as it is in Western cultures. Waters and Waters (2006) hypothesized that one's experiences of secure base behaviors are stored as a script in memory, and developed a narrative assessment called the Attachment Script Assessment (ASA) to evaluate one's secure base script. This study examined the validity of the ASA and the utility of secure base concept in Japanese culture. A sample of Japanese young adults (N = 89; M = 23.46; SD = 3.20; 57% = females) completed both the ASA and self-report questionnaires. The results revealed that the ASA score was associated with two dimensions of self-report questionnaires assessing parent-youth attachment relationships (trust and communication). The ASA score was not related to Japanese cultural values (amae acceptance, interdependent self-construal, and low independent self-construal). However, a low ASA score was re

Using 212 adolescents from a central-European country (mean age = 14.02, SD = 2.05, ranged from 11 to 18 years; females = 54%) and a multi-informant method to measure adolescents' behavioral and emotional adjustments, the present study explored three aspects regarding the attachment hierarchy. (1) The three types of behavioral systems of Rosenthal and Kobak's important people interview (IPI) were initially validated using an exploratory factor analysis with a US sample. Using a confirmatory factor analysis with a Czech sample, we replicated these three behavioral systems

The present study examines the hypothesis that adult attachment orientation, specifically anxious attachment, is related to children's diminished ability to self-regulate their food intake, and that this relationship is mediated by parents' persuasive-controlling feeding practices. Two hundred and sixty five mothers and fathers of preschool children completed online questionnaires that included measures of Adult Attachment Orientation, Parental Persuasive-Controlling Feeding Practices, and Child Self-Regulation of Eating. Structural equation modeling revealed a significant relationship between parental anxious attachment and child self-regulatory abilities, which was fully mediated by parental persuasive-controlling feeding. Also as predicted, parents' avoidant attachment was found to be unrelated to persuasive-controlling feeding and child self-regulated eating. Findings suggest that parents with an anxious attachment orientation may be more likely than other parents to try to use persuasive techniques to control their children's food intake, which may impair children's ability to regulate their food intake, increasing their obesity risk. Implications for intervention are discussed. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This study examined whether attachment relationships with the mother, father, best friend, and romantic partner relate to the career decision-making process (occupational information, goal selection and vocational identity) of emerging adults directly as well as indirectly through self-concept clarity as a mediator. The questionnaires were administered to 1,342 young people at two time points (two years apart). The results of our structural equation modeling analyses indicated significant direct paths between attachment to all figures under the investigation and career decision-making process at Time 1. The self-concept clarity mediated all associations between attachment figures and career decision-making process. Moreover, at Time 2, only attachment to the romantic partner (not to the other attachment figures) was associated with the career decision-making process both directly and indirectly through the self-concept clarity. These findings suggest that the romantic partner is the most influential attachment figure in emerging adults' career decision-making process, although attachment relationships with parents and the best friend also remain important in their career development.

Only a few studies have longitudinally explored to whom emerging adults prefer to turn to seek closeness, comfort, and security (called attachment preferences), and previous studies on attachment preferences in emerging adults have focused only on the beginning of romantic relationships but not on the end of relationships. Czech emerging adults (M = 21.47; SD = 1.48) completed the questionnaire of attachment preferences at two time points, Wave 1 (Summer 2013) and Wave 2 (Summer 2014). Latent difference score analyses revealed that emerging adults who were not in a romantic relationship in Wave 1 but started a romantic relationship between the two waves (n = 97) and those who had a romantic partner in both waves (n = 379) were both more likely to increase their attachment preference for the romantic partner and decrease their preference for friends, whereas those who did not start a relationship (n = 185) were not. Emerging adults who were in a romantic relationship in Wave 1 but were not in Wave 2 (n = 69) decreased their preference for the partner and increased their preference for friends. In all the groups, attachment preferences for the mother, for the father, or for the family did not change. Multiple regression analyses further revealed that for those who had a romantic partner in both waves, their length of romantic relationship was associated with changes in attachment preferences for romantic partners and for friends.

Objectives. Although numerous studies have examined similarities between political trust and generalized social trust, their differences are unclear. The purpose of this study is to understand unique characteristics of these two forms of trust. Participants and setting. The sample consists of ethnically diverse youth in the Czech Republic, Czechs (n=834), Slovaks (n=82), Ukrainians (n=170), and Roma (n=206), aged from 15 to 28 years (M=21.11; SD=3.50). Participants responded to questionnaires. Hypotheses. Generalized social trust will be more uniquely related to attitudes toward out-group benefits, whereas political trust will be more uniquely related to attitudes toward ingroup benefits. Statistical analysis and results. To examine these hypotheses, a series of regression analyses were employed. Specifically, this study revealed that regardless of ethnic groups and sociodemo-graphic characteristics, generalized social trust (not political trust) was positively related to volunteer participation, which benefits outgroups. Political trust (not generalized social trust) was associated with political behaviors (election turnouts and following the politics in the media) which are evalu

The development of trust has its origin in parenting. However, it can be misleading to lump together all types of trust and to suppose that they are formed through similar developmental processes. Therefore, this research examined different developmental pathways of adolescents' trust in individuals close to them (peers in this study) and those that are distant (politicians in this study). The study used longitudinal data collected from Czech adolescents (N = 904; 50 % of the participants were females). When adolescents were 13 years old, they and their parents reported parental warmth. Adolescents rated their trust in their parents and their beliefs in a just world at age 15 as well as their trust in peers and politicians at age 17. Both maternal and paternal warmth predicted adolescents' trust in their parents, which in turn led to later trust in peers but not to later trust in politicians. However, maternal and paternal warmth only predicted their trust in politicians through the mediation of their personal belief in a just world. Our findings highlighted that although parents are important in the development of adolescents' trust, mediating pathways differ depending on the types of relationships involved.

The associations between parent-daughter relationship characteristics and disordered eating behaviors among emerging adult women from the Czech Republic were examined. Participants (N = 798 women, M = 22.25 years old, SD = 1.42) reported on disordered eating behaviors (dieting and unhealthy weight-control behaviors; UWCB), their relationship characteristics with each parent (trust, communication, alienation and psychological control) and covariates (weight, height, frequency of communication with parents, living status and parental statuses). Overall, 41% of women were on a diet, and 33% engaged in at least one UWCB. Logistic regression analyses revealed that none of the parent-daughter relationship characteristics had any association with dieting. However, a low quality of mother-daughter relationship (low trust, high alienation and psychological control) had a significant association with UWCB. None of the father daughter relationship characteristics had a significant association with UWCB. The results suggest that preventive interventions with the family should emphasize the quality of the mother daughter relationship.

This study examined changes in first-time parents' marital quality over the transition to parenthood as predictors of their coparenting quality and mothers' and fathers' involvement in parenting and support of their spouse's coparenting. Mothers and fathers (N = 96 couples) individually completed measures of marital conflict and satisfaction prenatally, at 8 months, and at 24 months. Triadic family interactions observed at 24 months were coded for coparenting quality (cooperative and competitive coparenting), and coparenting dynamics (fathers' involvement in parenting, mothers' involvement in parenting, fathers' support of mothers' parenting, and mothers' support of fathers' parenting). Latent growth curve modeling demonstrated that declines in fathers' marital satisfaction predicted higher competitive coparenting and lower father involvement in parenting, and increases in fathers' marital conflict predicted lower cooperative coparenting. Increases in mothers' marital conflict predicted mothers' lower support of fathers' parenting. Thus, declines in fathers' marital quality may have more direct effects on coparenting quality, whereas declines in mothers' marital quality may indirectly affect coparenting through mothers' support of their spouse's parenting.

This study examined whether coparenting during toddlerhood predicts children's later symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, affective disorder, and somatic complaints. When children were 2 years old, 108 middle-class nonclinical families were observed in triadic interactions to assess two domains of dyadic coparenting (competitive and cooperative), as well as each parent's individual competitive behavior toward the spouse. Teachers and mothers reported children's symptoms of psychological problems at age 7. Independent of cooperative coparenting and each parents' individual harsh parenting, competitive coparenting predicted children's symptoms of ADHD and ODD. Interactions with child gender indicated that competitive coparenting predicted ADHD symptoms in boys (not in girls) and teacher-reported (not mother-reported) somatic complaints in girls (not in boys). ODD and ADHD symptoms were also predicted by fathers' (not mothers') individual competitive behaviors. The children of parents who were both low in competitive behaviors had the lowest teacher-rated symptoms of affective disorder.

Attachment theorists believe that children rely on their caregivers for protection and exploration. Due to this emphasis on independent exploration, however, the extent to which this notion of secure-base behavior is valid in societies emphasizing belongingness, such as Japan, has been questioned. By conducting an in-depth exploration of two Japanese collectivistic concepts, amae and ie, the present paper reexamines the relevance of secure-base behavior in Japan. Current discussions of amae have relied on psychoanalytic concepts that were developed in Western culture, and thus may not accurately represent Japanese parent-child relations. By examining another traditional concept of the family system, ie, this paper proposes that attachment theory is relevant in Japanese culture because children's individual competence is important to their families.

According to family systems theory, children's emotional development is likely to be influenced by family interactions at multiple levels, including marital, mother-child, and father-child interactions, as well as by interrelations between these levels. The purpose of the present study was to examine parents' marital conflict and mothers' and fathers' distressed responses to their infant's negative emotions, assessed when their child was 8 and 24 months old, in addition to interactions between parents' marital conflict and their distressed responses, as predictors of their toddler's negative and flat! withdrawn affect at 24 months. Higher marital conflict during infancy and toddlerhood predicted both increased negative and increased flat/withdrawn affect during toddlerhood. In addition, toddlers' negative (but not flat) affect was related to mothers' distressed responses, but was only related to father's distressed responses when martial conflict was high. Implications of this study for parent education and family intervention were discussed. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

This article investigates the effects of political discussions with parents, political discussions with peers and exposure to political news during an election campaign on the voting intentions and behaviour of first-time voters. Longitudinal data collected in the Czech Republic are employed in the main analysis (N=223). Results show that young people who frequently discuss politics with their peers are characterized by higher voting intentions and subsequent electoral participation. On the other hand, political discussions with parents and exposure to political news have no such effects. Furthermore, although it does not have an impact on voting intentions, more frequent political discussions with parents predict increased frequency of political discussions with peers. Overall, our results underscore the importance of peers in late adolescents' political socialization.

Using the NICHD Early Childcare dataset (N = 1281), this study examined whether infant temperament and the amount of time infants spend in nonmaternal care independently predict (1) the likelihood that they seek comfort from their mother when needed and (2) placement in a particular subgroup of infant-mother attachment patterns. Mothers reported the number of hours their infant spent in nonmaternal care each month and their infant's difficulty adapting to novel stimuli at 6 months. The degree to which 15-month-old infants seek comfort from their mother during reunion episodes in the Strange Situation was observed using two behavioral scales ("proximity seeking" and "contact maintaining"). Their average score forms the outcome variable of "proximity-seeking behavior." The other outcome variables were the subgroups of infant-mother attachment patterns

This study examined differences in children's responses to their family photographs within a sample of Japanese 6-year-olds (N=44), exploring associations with their mothers' attachment status. The differences in children's photo reactions were captured by a 5-point continuous scale to rate how engaged children were and how positively they responded to the photographs taken earlier with their mothers. Mothers' attachment security was assessed by the Adult Attachment Interview. The findings revealed that children of mothers with secure attachment status were significantly more engaged/positive in their photo reactions than were children of mothers with insecure attachment status. Implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

マサリク大学子ども青年家族研究所が当時チェコで行っていた、縦断研究の内容や運営方法について、今後縦断研究を行う予定である日本の研究者の方々に説明した。また、子ども青年家族研究所が過去に複数の縦断研究を成功させ蓄積してきた経験に基づいた研究方法を紹介した。その後、その縦断データを使った私自身の研究である人間関係の発達について紹介した。

オランダのフローニンゲン大学心理学部に2ヶ月滞在し、これまで主に自然科学や経済学などの分野で使われてきた、数学とコンピューターシミュレーションを使用して理論的なモデルを構築する『動的システムズアプローチ(dynamic systems approach)』(DSA)を、この分野の第一人者であるSaskia Kunnen准教授のもとで勉強した。そして、幼児期から成人期までの人間関係の選好発達について、DSAを用いてモデル化し、フローニンゲン大学の研究者や学生の方々に発表した。

青年期の人間関係の選考の変化について、チェコ共和国で収集した2年間の縦断研究データを用いて発表した。最も重要なアタッチメント対象者を親から仲間に移した青年は、その後、親を最も重要な対象者として再び認識することは稀であることが分かった。

幼児期から成人期までの人間関係の選考の変化について、シンガポールのYale-NUS Collegeの研究者や学生に向けて発表した。特に、チェコ共和国で収集した2年間の縦断研究データから得られた最新の分析結果を用いて発表した。最も重要なアタッチメント対象者は、親から友人、友人から恋人へ移行することが明らかになった。