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Spectroscopic ellipsometry is a means of investigating optical and dielectric material responses. Conventional spectroscopic ellipsometry is subject to trade-offs between spectral accuracy, resolution, and measurement time. Polarization modulation has afforded poor performance because of its sensitivity to mechanical vibrational noise, thermal instability, and polarization-wavelength dependency. We combine spectroscopic ellipsometry with dual-comb spectroscopy, namely, dual-comb spectroscopic ellipsometry. Dual-comb spectroscopic ellipsometry (DCSE). DCSE directly and simultaneously obtains the ellipsometric parameters of the amplitude ratio and phase difference between s-polarized and ppolarized light signals with ultra-high spectral resolution and no polarization modulation, beyond the conventional limit. Ellipsometric evaluation without polarization modulation also enhances the stability and robustness of the system. In this study, we construct a polarization-modulation-free DCSE system with a spectral resolution of up to 1.2 x 10(-5) nm throughout the spectral range of 1514-1595 nm and achieved an accuracy of 38.4 nm and a precision of 3.3 nm in the measurement of thin-film samples.

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the histological and mechanical features of tendon healing in a rabbit model with second-harmonic-generation (SHG) imaging and tensile testing. Materials and Methods A total of eight male Japanese white rabbits were used for this study. The flexor digitorum tendons in their right leg were sharply transected, and then were repaired by intratendinous stitching. At four weeks post-operatively, the rabbits were killed and the flexor digitorum tendons in both right and left legs were excised and used as specimens for tendon healing (n = 8) and control (n = 8), respectively. Each specimen was examined by SHG imaging, followed by tensile testing, and the results of the two testing modalities were assessed for correlation. Results While the SHG light intensity of the healing tendon samples was significantly lower than that of the uninjured tendon samples, 2D Fourier transform SHG images showed a clear difference in collagen fibre structure between the uninjured and the healing samples, and among the healing samples. The mean intensity of the SHG image showed a moderate correlation (R-2 = 0.37) with Young's modulus obtained from the tensile testing. Conclusion Our results indicate that SHG microscopy may be a potential indicator of tendon healing.

In bone tissue engineering and regeneration, there is a considerable need for an unstained method of monitoring collagen fibers produced by osteoblasts. This is because collagen fibers play an important role as a bone matrix and continuous monitoring of their temporal dynamics is important in clarifying the organization process toward forming bone tissue. In the work described here, using a second-harmonic-generation ( SHG) microscope, we performed in situ time-series monitoring of collagen fibers produced by cultured osteoblasts without the need for staining. Use of the 19 fs near-infrared pulsed light enables us to visualize the temporal dynamics in a thin layer of collagen fibers produced by a single layer of osteoblasts in high-contrast SHG images. While the collagen fibers were produced and stored inside the osteoblasts at an early stage of culturing, the network structure of collagen fibers was formed and locally condensed at a late stage. Furthermore, we extracted a quantitative parameter of collagen maturity degree in the cultured sample by use of image analysis based on a two-dimensional Fourier transform of the SHG image. The proposed method will be useful for in situ quality and quantity control of collagen fibers in bone tissue engineering and regeneration. (C) 2016 Optical Society of America

Confocal laser microscope (CLM) has been widely used in the fields of the non-contact surface topography, biomedical imaging, and other applications, because of two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) imaging capability with the confocal effect and the stray light elimination. Although the conventional CLM has acquired the 2D image by mechanical scanning of the focused beam spot, further reduction of image acquisition time and the robustness to various disturbances are strongly required. To this end, it is essential to omit mechanical scanning for the image acquisition. In this article, we developed the scan-less, full-field CLM by combination of the line-focused CLM with the wavelength/1D-space conversion. This combination enables us to form the 2D focal array of a 2D rainbow beam on a sample and to encode the 2D image information of a sample on the 2D rainbow beam. The image-encoded 2D rainbow beam was decoded as a spectral line image by a multi-channel spectrometer equipped with a CMOS camera without the need for the mechanical scanning. The confocal full-field image was acquired during 0.23 ms with the lateral resolution of 26.3pm and 4.9μm for the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively, and the depth resolution of 34.9μm. We further applied this scan-less, full-field CLM for biomedical imaging of a sliced specimen and non-contact surface topography of an industry products. These demonstrations highlight a high potential of the proposed scan-less, full-field CLM.

Polarization-resolved second-harmonic-generation (PR-SHG) microscopy is a powerful tool for investigating collagen fiber orientation quantitatively with low invasiveness. However, the waiting time for the mechanical polarization rotation makes it too sensitive to motion artifacts and hence has hampered its use in various applications in vivo. In the work described in this article, we constructed a motion-artifact-robust, PR-SHG microscope based on rapid polarization switching at every pixel with an electro-optic Pockells cell (PC) in synchronization with step-wise raster scanning of the focus spot and alternate data acquisition of a vertical-polarization- resolved SHG signal and a horizontal-polarization-resolved one. The constructed PC-based PR-SHG microscope enabled us to visualize orientation mapping of dermal collagen fiber in human facial skin in vivo without the influence of motion artifacts. Furthermore, it implied the location and/or age dependence of the collagen fiber orientation in human facial skin. The robustness to motion artifacts in the collagen orientation measurement will expand the application scope of SHG microscopy in dermatology and collagen-related fields. (C) 2014 Optical Society of America

Radio on Fiber (ROF) technology has been received attention due to advantages such as multimode service for intelligent transport systems (ITS) road-vehicle-communication. For this system, using millimeter wave has large advatage of its large capacity and multi-transmission capability. We measured the effect of shadowing by another vehicle in case of Road Vehicle Communication system and the effect of position of mobile station antennas in 36 GHz band.